Day 17: Immigration History 101

● 1898: Spanish American War
o The U.S. invades and occupies Cuba, the Philippines, Puerto Rico, and other Spanish colonies in the Pacific. Hawaii is also annexed by force that year.

Cartoon by: By Boston Globe [Public domain], via Library of Congress Prints and Photographs Division

Immigrant of the day: Guetty Felin, Haiti. The first female director to shoot a feature-length film entirely in Haiti and the director of the country’s first-ever entry into the Best Foreign Language Film category at the Oscars, Guetty Felin is a pioneering force in Haiti’s post-earthquake cinema landscape. Born in Port-Au-Prince, Felin grew up in New York City, and helped found a film school for aspiring videographers on the island.

**Program created by Ana Rodriguez-BorderLinks’ (Tucson AZ)**

Day 15: Immigration History 101

● 1882: Chinese Exclusion Act
o Bars most Chinese immigrants from entering the U.S. It became the first legislation to ban a specific nationality from migrating to the U.S. Not repealed until 1942. Asians are not allowed to become naturalized citizens until 1952.

Cartoon by: Illus. in: Frank Leslie’s illustrated newspaper, vol. 54 (1882 April 1), p. 96. The only one barred out. Retrieved from the Library of Congress

**Program created by Ana Rodriguez-BorderLinks’ (Tucson AZ)**

Immigrant of the day: Alexander Hamilton! THE MAN!
Signer of the Declaration of Independence and the face of the ten dollar bill, Hamilton was the orphan of a Franco-British mother and her Scottish boyfriend on the Caribbean island of Nevis, a British colony.

Day 14: Immigration History 101

● 1870: 15th Amendment
o grants African American men the right to vote

Cartoon by: See page for author [Public domain], via Wikimedia Commons

**Program created by Ana Rodriguez-BorderLinks’ (Tucson AZ)**

Immigrant of the day: Leslie Townes (Bob) Hope was born May 29, 1903, in Well Hall, England. Throughout his career, the comedian would bring laughter and cheer to battlegrounds of five wars, headlining 57 events for servicemen and women.
Hope hosted the Oscars 16 times (but never took home an award himself), entertained 11 US Presidents, authored 12 books and, despite never completing high school, he received 56 honorary doctorate degrees.

Day 13: Immigration History 101

● 1868: 14th Amendment
o Grants equal protection under the law to all U.S. citizens

Cartoon by: Kemble, Edward Windsor Artist. Congress – 14th Amendment 2nd section[1902]. Cartoon. Retrieved from the Library of Congress, <http://www.loc.gov/pictures/item/2004679121/>.

**Program created by Ana Rodriguez-BorderLinks’ (Tucson AZ)**

Immigrant of the day: Ieoh Ming Pei from China became one of America’s most famous architects. Pei designed such well-known structures as the Kennedy library, the glass pyramid at the Louvre, JFK Airport, El Paso Tower, the Museum of Islamic Art and the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame to name a few.

Day 12: Immigration History 101

1865: 13th Amendment
o Outlaws slavery
o The Ku Klux Klan is founded to maintain white supremacy through intimidation and violence
▪ Through the creation of Jim Crow Laws segregation systematically targets Blacks
● between 1882-1968: there are over 3,000 recorded lynchings of Blacks

Cartoon by: TA Nast

**Program created by Ana Rodriguez-BorderLinks’ (Tucson AZ)**

Immigrant of the day: Joseph Pulitzer-Born in Hungary, emigrated to America in 1864 where he would become the most powerful journalist of his time. In 1917, he established the Pulitzer Prizes, which recognize excellence and achievement in journalism, literature and the arts. The Pulitzer Prizes are still highly revered today.

Day 11: Immigration History 101

● 1862: The Homestead Act
o Encourages many new European immigrants to move to the western U.S. in territory once owned by Native Americans

Poster courtesy of the Library of Congress

**Program created by Ana Rodriguez-BorderLinks’ (Tucson AZ)**

Immigrant of the day: Dr. Wafaa El-Sadr- immigrated from Egypt-director of Columbia University’s International Center for AIDS Care and Treatment Programs (ICAP).

Post 10: Immigration History 101

● 1846-1848: Mexican-American War
o The U.S. invaded Mexico for control of land and resources. The Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo is signed in 1848, transferring over 55% of Mexican land to the U.S. (present-day Arizona, California, New Mexico, Texas and part of Colorado, Nevada,Utah, and Wyoming). Mexican citizens living in this territory have the choice to gain U.S. citizenship within one year, although many forcibly lose their land.

● 1854: Gadsden Purchase
o Under the treaty, the United States pays Mexico $10 million for about 30,000 square miles that run south of the Gila River, east to El Paso, and west to California. The purchase draws the new US-Mexico border line through the center of Tohono O’odham (AZ) ancestral lands. This land purchase includes Tucson.

Cartoon: “I’ve Had About Enough of This”. Uncle Sam leaps across the border fence with Mexico to chase (Pancho) Villa. 10 March 1916. Cartoon by Clifford K. Berryman, via National Archive Berryman collection

**Program created by Ana Rodriguez-BorderLinks’ (Tucson AZ)**

Immigrant of the day: Audrey Hepburn was born in Brussels, Belgium, immigrated to NYC then Los Angeles CA. She is ranked as the third greatest female star of all time by the American Film Institute in their list of AFI’s 100 Years… 100 Stars.

Post 9: Immigration History 101

● 1840s: Large wave of immigration begins, due to Irish Potato Famine, crop failures in Germany, industrialization and failed European revolutions.

Cartoon by: Enders A, Brandt Z. Journal of Disability Policy Studies [serial online]. Spring 2007;17(4):227.

**Program created by Ana Rodriguez-BorderLinks’ (Tucson AZ)**

Immigrant of the day: Chinua Achebe is a Nigerian novelist and author of ‘Things Fall Apart,’ a work that in part led to his being called the ‘patriarch of the African novel.’

Post 8: Immigration History 101

● 1831-1860: Underground Railroad
o Almost 100,000 slaves escape to the North on the Underground Railroad, with the help of free African Americans and white sympathizers who shelter and guide slaves. By 1850, Congress passed the Fugitive Slave Act, which penalized anyone who helps a slave escape to freedom

Cartoon by: By Internet Archive Book Images [No restrictions], via Wikimedia Commons

**Program created by Ana Rodriguez-BorderLinks’ (Tucson AZ)**

Immigrant of the day: 
Isabel Allende (Peru → Chile → US) (I LOVE HER WORK!) 🙂
One of the world’s most-read Spanish author, Allende’s been awarded the National Literature Prize in Chile and the Presidential Medal of Freedom in the US.
Fact: She is related to Salvador Allende, Chile’s famed socialist president.

Post 7: Immigration History 101

● 1830: Removal Act
o Mandates the removal of Native Americans from east of the Mississippi River to “Indian Territory” in Oklahoma. Over 30,000 people die during forced migration, which the Cherokee remember as “The Trail of Tears”

Cartoon by: Taylor Jones, Politicalcartoons.com via caglecartoons.com

**Program created by Ana Rodriguez-BorderLinks’ (Tucson AZ)**

Immigrant of the day: 
Madeleine Albright (Czechoslovakia…now Czech Republic → US) In 1996, Albright became the first woman to be the US Secretary of State. And before that she was the US Ambassador to the UN.

Fact: She had an incredibly wide collection of pins she would wear to make political statements.